GH-49538: [C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Use static linkage in Windows FlightSQL ODBC driver

[amoeba]

Rationale for this change

The FlightSQL ODBC driver was previously using dynamic linkage for the Arrow deps it relies on. This worked but prevented a challenge for code signing because (I think) we'd have to sign each DLL and signing costs money. We can use static linkage with a dynamically linked MSVC runtime so we only have one DLL to sign.

Ref: #49404

What changes are included in this PR?

Updates to CMake and CI for the build to allow static linkage with dynamic MSVC runtime (x64-windows-static-md).

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Change Windows ODBC to Static Linkage #49538

[github-actions]

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See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - Contributing Overview

[amoeba]

I have this building locally. Before this PR:

Dump of file release\arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll

File Type: DLL

  Image has the following dependencies:

    arrow_flight_sql.dll
    arrow_flight.dll
    WSOCK32.dll
    WS2_32.dll
    CRYPT32.dll
    GDI32.dll
    arrow_compute.dll
    arrow.dll
    abseil_dll.dll
    boost_locale-vc143-mt-x64-1_90.dll
    KERNEL32.dll
    USER32.dll
    COMDLG32.dll
    MSVCP140.dll
    MSVCP140_CODECVT_IDS.dll
    VCRUNTIME140.dll
    VCRUNTIME140_1.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-heap-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-string-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-stdio-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-locale-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-convert-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-filesystem-l1-1-0.dll
    api-ms-win-crt-time-l1-1-0.dll

After:

Dump of file cpp\build\release\arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll

File Type: DLL

  Image has the following dependencies:

    ADVAPI32.dll
    IPHLPAPI.DLL
    WSOCK32.dll
    GDI32.dll
    WS2_32.dll
    CRYPT32.dll
    KERNEL32.dll
    USER32.dll
    COMDLG32.dll
    bcrypt.dll
    dbghelp.dll

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #49538 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[lidavidm]

CC @alinaliBQ

[alinaliBQ]

@amoeba I see the branch is about a week old, could we rebase on the latest main? I see there are no conflicts, but I am curious to see if the test code changes at odbc_impl in this PR can incidentally help with #49767 (not required for this PR)

I have tested the ODBC MSI installer manually, and can confirm I am able to retrieve data from Power BI using the installer and static linkage ODBC.

[alinaliBQ]

Could we link 49808 in the comment?

FYI - During Disconnect, the driver DLL is unloaded. Since Arrow libraries don't support unloading #47608 (comment), segmentation fault can occur.

Suggested change

	// TODO(XXX): Without commenting this out, Disconnect() makes this test
	// GH-49808 TODO: Without commenting this out, Disconnect() makes this test